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Coalition for the Defence of the Republic
The Coalition for the Defence of the Republic ("Coalition pour la Défense de la République" in French), CDR was a Rwandan far-right Hutu Power political party that took a major role in inciting the Rwandan Genocide.〔Christian P. Scherrer, Institute for Research on Ethnicity and Conflict Resolution. ''Ongoing crisis in Central Africa: revolution in Congo and disorder in the Great Lakes region: conflict impact assessment and policy options''. Institute for Research on Ethnicity and Conflict Resolution, 1998. Pp. 83.〕〔Front Cover Dina Temple-Raston. ''Justice on the Grass: Three Rwandan Journalists, Their Trial for War Crimes and a Nation's Quest for Redemption''. Simon and Schuster, 2005. Pp. 170.〕〔Raymond Verdier, Emmanuel Decaux, Jean-Pierre Chrétien (editors). "Situation judiciare au Rwanda" by Alphonse Marie Nkubito, Rwanda, un génocide du XXe siècle. Editions L'Harmattan, 1995. Pp. 223.〕〔Monique Mas. PARIS-KIGALI 1990-1994 - Pour un génocide en Afrique - Lunettes coloniales, politique du sabre et onction humanitaire. Editions L'Harmattan, 1999. Pp. 469.〕〔By Jean-Pierre Chrétien, Reporters sans frontières (Association), Unesco. "Rwanda: les médias du génocide" Reporters without frontiers. UNESCO, 1995. Pp. 130. (Note #85 at the bottom of the page describes the CDR as fascist).〕 The CDR was founded and first led by Martin Bucyana until his assassination in February 1994. The Coalition for the Defence of the Republic (CDR) was allied with the ruling Mouvement républicain national pour la démocratie et le développement party. The CDR's slogan was "Mube maso" ("Watch out!"), which meant that Hutus should beware or the Tutsis would rule them as they had in the past. Unlike the MRNDD, the CDR did not agree to the Arusha Accords and Statement of Ethics. It was therefore shut out of the Broad-Based Transitional Government. The party was led by Jean Shyirambere Barahinyura, Jean-Bosco Barayagwiza, and Martin Bucyana. Several important members of the CDR, including Jean-Bosco Barayagwiza and Ferdinand Nahimana, were convicted by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda for genocide, direct and public incitement to commit genocide, conspiracy to commit genocide, and other crimes against humanity.〔.〕 The CDR created militia the Impuzamugambi ("Those who have the same goal") militia, which took part in the killings.
The CDR refused to operate within the rule of law nor cooperate with other Rwandan political parties it opposed.〔Christian P. Scherrer. Ethnicity, nationalism, and violence: conflict management, human rights, and multilateral regimes. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2003. Pp. 328〕 The CDR had a paramilitary wing, the ''Impuzamugambi'' that repeatedly provoked violent confrontations with members of other parties it opposed, by using hand grenades and bombs in such confrontations, and served as one of the death squads that massacred Tutsis in the Rwandan Genocide.〔Christian P. Scherrer. Ethnicity, nationalism, and violence: conflict management, human rights, and multilateral regimes. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2003. Pp. 328〕
==Ideology==
The CDR supported the principles developed by Hutu Power supremacist Hassan Ngeze's ''Hutu Ten Commandments''.〔Ethnicity and sociopolitcal change in Africa and other developing countries: a constructive discourse in state building. Lexington Books, 2008. Pp. 92.〕 The ''Commandments'' called for the supremacy of Hutus in Rwanda, calling for exclusive Hutu leadership over Rwanda's public institutions and public life and complete segregation of Hutus from Tutsis, and complete exclusion of Tutsis from public institutions and public life.〔John A. Berry and Carol Pott Berry (eds.) (1999). Genocide in Rwanda: A Collective Memory (Washington, D.C.: Howard University Press) pp. 113–115.〕
The Commandments declared that any form of relationship between Hutus and Tutsi women was forbidden and that any Hutu who "marries a Tutsi woman", "befriends a Tutsi woman", or "employs a Tutsi woman as a secretary or a concubine" was a "traitor" to the Hutu people.〔John A. Berry and Carol Pott Berry (eds.) (1999). Genocide in Rwanda: A Collective Memory (Washington, D.C.: Howard University Press) pp. 113–115.〕 It denounced Tutsis as "dishonest" in business whose "only aim is the supremacy of his ethnic group"; and declared that any Hutu who did business with a Tutsi was a traitor to the Hutu people.〔John A. Berry and Carol Pott Berry (eds.) (1999). Genocide in Rwanda: A Collective Memory (Washington, D.C.: Howard University Press) pp. 113–115.〕 The Commandments declared that "The Hutu should stop having mercy on the Tutsi" and referred to the Tutsis as "common Tutsi enemy".〔John A. Berry and Carol Pott Berry (eds.) (1999). Genocide in Rwanda: A Collective Memory (Washington, D.C.: Howard University Press) pp. 113–115.〕
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